The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (). The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
This work was funded by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. The latter sections discuss applications, upcycling & recycling and future opportunities for biorefineries. Characterization results from mechanical testing, thermal analysis, viscoelastic properties, imaging and spectroscopy are reviewed for understanding the impact of filling biomass resources in PLA by printing. Properties of high molecular weight PLA, essentials of printing with PLA and conditions for filament extrusion and printing of biocomposites are discussed. Recent developments focused on FDM printing of PLA filled with biomass resources have been critically reviewed to reveal the intricate aspects of manufacturing of such materials and characterization of the changes caused by biomass-based fillers. Therefore, a deep understanding of printing such biocomposites is needed for supporting such manufacturing. Such biodegradable composites are better for the environment and can be used to replace non-biodegradable composites in a variety of applications. Several studies have recently investigated 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) with biomass resources like cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and whole biomass. 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an advanced additive manufacturing technology for making thermoplastic-based structures.
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